Many of the GRC studies are now clustered into specific topic areas related to GRC. The clusters are helpful to researchers by collecting together, in one place, similar studies on many topics that have been significantly correlated with GRC.

The four clusters are depicted in the tables found in this menu item and include  a) Psychological Correlates of GRC, b) Physical and Psychological Health Correlates of GRC, c) Special Groups and GRC, d) Special Topics & GRC.

The lines connecting to GRC (see figure below) establish that there are clusters of GRC empirical research studies on each topic. The file lists the citations on specific topics for quick reference to many studies on the same dependent variable.

chart showing the different categories of psychological correlates

The figure above shows the psychological correlates of GRC from empirical studies from 1986-2013. The 15 clusters are linked to references for each topic and can be accessed by clicking on the drop down box for each cluster area.
The table below provides the correlates of GRC with the authors, dates of publications, and the complete reference to the study.

My overall summary of these studies is that most found some significant relationship between GRC and one of the correlates (O’Neil, 2008; 2015). More analysis of these studies is needed. For example, with the 34 studies on depression, what do the studies collectively tell us about the role GRC plays in men’s depression? My past analysis of these studies has been general, noting overall relationships but not the detailed summary that they deserve.
I encourage future researchers to do more complete analyses of this past research so we can more actively communicate with the public about men’s depression and the other correlates in the figure.

Studies after 2013 are not listed in this file, but the more recent publications are found in Published Studies and Dissertations Sections of the web page.

Depression Anxiety and Stress  Help Seeking Attitudes Low Self Esteem
  • Blazina & Jackson, 2009
  • Blazina & Watkins, 1996
  • Brewer, 1998
  • Burke, 2000
  • Bursely, 1996
  • Choi, Kim, Hwang, &
  • Heppner, 2010
  • Coonerty-Femiano, Kutzman,
  • Femiano, Gemar, Toner,
  • 2001
  • Cournoyer & Mahalik, 1995
  • Fragoso & Kashabeck, 2000
  • Friedman, 2011
  • Good & Mintz, 1990
  • Good, Robertson, Fitzgerald,
  • Stevens, & Bartels, 1996
  • Good & Wood, 1995
  • Hayashi, 1999
  • Hoyt, 2009
  • Jo, 2000
  • Jones, 1998
  • Kang, 2001
  • Kelly, 2000
  • Kim, Choi, Ha, O’Neil, 2006
  • Larma, 2007
  • Magovcevic & Addis, 2005
  • Mahalik & Cournoyer, 2000
  • Mertens, 2000
  • Newman, 1997
  • Peterson, 1999
  • Sharpe & Heppner, 1991
  • Sharpe Heppner, & Dixon, 1995
  • Shepard, 2002
  • Simonsen, Blazina & Watkins, 2000
  • Tate, 1998;
  • Theodore & Lloyd, 2000
  • Thomas, 2008
  • Wolfram, Mohr, & Burchert, 2009
  • Blashill & Hughes, 2009
  • Blazina & Watkins, 1996
  • Burke, 2000
  • Bursely, 1996
  • Cournoyer & Mahalik, 1995
  • Davis, 1998
  • Fragoso & Kashubeck, 2000
  • Good, Robertson, Fitzgerald, Stevens & Bartels, 1996
  • Hayashi, 1999
  • Hayes & Mahalik, 2000
  • Hetzel, 1998
  • Hoyt, 2009
  • Jo, 2000
  • Jones, 1998
  • Kang, 2001
  • Kratzner, 2003
  • Leka, 1998
  • Liang, Salcedo & Miller, 2011
  • Mertens, 2000, 2001
  • Sbratta, 2011
  • Sharpe & Heppner, 1991
  • Stillson,1988
  • Syzmanski & Carr, 2008
  • Theodore & Lloyd, 2000
  • Van Delft, 1998
  • Walker, 2008
  • Wester, Christianson, Vogel, & Wei, 2007
  • Wester, Kuo, & Vogel, 2006
  • Wester, Vogel, Wei, Mclain, 2006
  • Wolfram, Mohr, & Borchert, 2009
  • Bevan, 2010
  • Blazina & Marks, 2001
  • Blazina & Watkins, 1996
  • Bursley, 1996
  • Cortese, 2003
  • Davis & Liang, 2012
  • Englar-Carlson, 2001
  • Englar Carlson, 2001
  • Good & Wood, 1995
  • Good, Dell, & Mintz, 1989
  • Good, Schoop, Thomson,
  • Hathaway, Mazurek, Mintz,
  • et al., 2006
  • Goodwin, 2009
  • Groeschel, Wester, Sedivy,
  • 2010
  • James, 2006
  • Jana-Massri, 2011
  • Lane & Addis, 2005
  • Larma, 2007
  • Mansfield, Addis,
  • Courtenay, 2005
  • Mendoza & Cummings, 2001
  • Osborne, 2004
  • Pederson & Vogel, 2007
  • Robertson & Fitzgerald,
  • 1992
  • Rogers, 2009
  • Segalla, 1996
  • Shepard, 2009
  • Simonsen, Blazina &
  • Watkins, 2000
  • Steinfeldt & Steinfeldt, 2010
  • Thompson, 2009
  • Tsai, 2000
  • Vogel, Wester, Hammer, Downing-Matibag, 2014
  • White, 2002
  • Wisch, Mahalik, Hayes, & Nutt, 1995
  • Bingham, Harawa, &
  • Williams, 2012
  • Bursely, 1996
  • Choi, Kim, Hwang, &
  • Heppner, 2010
  • Cournoyer, 1994
  • Davis, 1988
  • Hayashi, 1999
  • Hernandez, 2006
  • Hobza & Rochlen, 2009
  • Jo, 2000
  • Laurent, 1998
  • Lily, 1999
  • Mahalik, Locke, Theodore,
  • Cournoyer, & Lloyd,
  • 2001
  • Schwartz & Waldo, 2003
  • Schwartz, Waldo, BloomLangell, & Merta, 1998,
  • Sharpe & Heppner, 1991
  • Sharpe, Heppner, & Dixon,
  • 1995
  • Shek & McEwen, 2012
  • Swenson, 1998
  • Symananski & Carr, 2008
  • Vinson, 2011
Alcohol and Substance Abuse Shame and Guilt Stigma Intimacy, Self-Disclosure,
and Relationships With
Fathers
  • Blazina & Watkins, 1996
  • Fahey, 2003
  • Good, Schoop, Thomson, Hathaway, Mazurek, Mintz, Sandford-Martens, 2006
  • Groeschel, Wester, & Sedivy, 2010
  • Howell, 2010
  • Kang, 2001
  • Korucuska & Thombs, 2003
  • McMahon, Winkel, & Luthar, 2000
  • Monk & Riccuardelli, 2003
  • Peterson, 1999
  • Uy Massoth, & Gottdiener, 2013
  • McMahon, Winkel, & Luthar, 2000
  • Segalla, 1996
  • Thomas, 2008
  • Thompkins & Rando, 2003
  • Thomson, 2005
  • Vu, 2000
  • Magovceviv & Addis, 2005
  • Park & Seo, 2009
  • Rogers, 2009
  • Sheppard, 2009
  • Steinfeldt, Steinfeldt, England, & Speight, 2009
  • Vogel, Wester, Hammer, Downing-Matibag, 2014
  • Wester, Arndt, Sedivy, & Arndt, 2010
  • Zumas, 2007
  • Chartier & Arnold, 1985
  • Cournoyer & Mahalik, 1995
  • Fisher & Good, 1997
  • Good, Robertson, O'Neil, Fitzgerald, Stevens, DeBord, et al.. 1995
  • Lindley & Schwartz, 2006
  • Odes, 2008
  • Rainwater, 2011
  • Sharpe & Heppner, 1991
  • Sharpe, Heppner, & Dixon, 1995
  • Sileo, 1996
  • Theodore & Lloyd, 2000
  • Van Hyfte & Rabinowitz, 2001
Marital Satisfaction, Family
Dynamics, and Couple’s GRC
Discrimination and
Internalized Oppression
Negative Attitudes, Abuse
and Violence Toward
Women and Others
Attachment, Bonding, and
Family Individuation
  • Alexander, 1999
  • Breiding, 2004
  • Breiding, Windle & Smith,
  • 2008
  • Brewer, 1998
  • Campbell & Snow 1992
  • Celentana, 2000
  • Leka, 1998
  • Rochlen & Mahalik, 2004
  • Scott, 2001
  • Sharpe, Heppner, & Dixon, 1995
  • Windle & Smith, 2009
  • Byrce, 2012
  • Liang, Sakedo, Miller 2011
  • Robinson & Brewster, 2014
  • Sanchez, Westefeld, Lui, &
  • Vilain, 2010
  • Szymanski & Carr, 2008
  • Szymanski & Ikize, 2012
  • 2010
  • Zhang, 2014
  • Amato, 2012
  • Amato & MacDonald, 2011
  • Chase, 2000
  • Cohn & Zeichner, 2006
  • Covell, 1998
  • Davis, 1997
  • Glomb & Espelage, 2005
  • Harnishfeger, 1998
  • Hill & Fisher, 2001
  • Jacobs, 1996
  • Johnston, 2005
  • Kaplan, 1992
  • Kaplan O’Neil, & Owen,
  • 1993
  • Kassing et al., 2005
  • Kearney, King & Rochlen,
  • 2004
  • O’Neil, Owen, Holmes,
  • Dolgopolov, Slastenin,
  • 1994
  • Rando, Rogers, & BrittanPowell, 1998
  • Schwartz, Tylka, & Hood, 2005
  • Schwartz & Waldo, 2003
  • Schwartz, Waldo, BloomLangell, & Merta, 1998
  • Senn, Desmarais, Verberg, & Wood, 2000
  • Serna, 2004
  • Blazina, Novotny, Stevens, & Hunter, 2008
  • Blazina & Watkins, 2000
  • Cachia, 2001
  • Covell, 1998
  • DeFranc & Mahalik, 2002
  • Fischer, 2007
  • Fischer & Good, 1998
  • Griffin, 2011
  • James, 2006
  • Land, Rochlen, Vaugh, 2011
  • Napolitano, Mahalik, & Kenny, 1999
  • Schwartz, Buboltz, Seeman, & Flye, 2004
  • Selby, 1999
  • Siffert, 2012
Hopelessness, Self
Destructiveness & Suicide
Traditional Attitudes
Towards Women
Stereotyping and Sex Role
Egalitarianism
Biases Against Sexual and
Racial Minorities
  • Birthistle, 1999
  • Borthick, 1997
  • Borthick, Knox, Taylor, &
  • Dietrich, 1997
  • Brewer, 1999
  • Houle, Mishan, & Chagnon,
  • 2009
  • Naranjo, 2001
  • Blazina & Watkins, 2000
  • Jacobs, 1996
  • Mintz & Mahalik, 1996
  • Robinson & Schwartz, 2004
  • Wood, 2004
  • Addelston, 1995
  • Englar-Carlson & Vindiver, 2001
  • Heesacker, Wester, Vogel, Wentzel, Mejia-Millan & Goodholm, 1999
  • Rando, Rogers & BrittanPowell, 1998
  • Tokar, Fischer, Staub & Moradi, 2000
  • Kassing, Beesley & Frey, 2005
  • Lindley & Schwartz, 2006
  • Robinson & Schwartz, 2004
  • Schwartz, Tylka, & Hood, 2005
  • Walker, Tokar & Fischer, 2000
  • Wilkinson, 2004

See full references in the drop downs below:

Depression

Blazina, C. & Jackson, S. (2009). Assessing for a pluralistic sense of masculinity: The
Masculinity Across Role Scale (MARS), the Gender Role Conflict Scale - Adolescent
(GRCS-A), and boy's scores of depression. In J.H. Urlich & B.T. Cosell (Eds.) Handbook
of Gender Roles. Orlando, FL.: Nova Science Publishers.

Blazina, C. & Watkins, C.E. (1996). Masculine gender role conflict: Effects on college men's
psychological well-being, chemical substance usage, and attitudes toward help- seeking,
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 461-465.

Brewer, A. M. (1998). The relationships among gender role conflict, depression, hopelessness,
and marital satisfaction in a sample of African-American men. (Doctoral dissertation,
Kent State University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 3049.

Burke, K. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological well-being: An exploration in men
enrolled to attend an initiatory weekend. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of
Maryland (Baltimore County), Baltimore, Maryland.

Bursley, K. H. (1996). Gender role strain and help seeking attitudes and behaviors in college
men. (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1996). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 56, 3884.

Choi, H., Kim, J., Hwang, M., & Heppner, M.J. (2010). Self esteem as a mediator between
instrumentality, gender role conflict, and depression in male Korean high school
students. Sex Roles, 63, 361-372.

Coonerty-Femiano, A. M., Katzman, M. A., Femiano, S., Gemar, M., & Toner, B., (2001,
August). Gender role conflict in male survivors of childhood abuse. Paper presented at
the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

Cournoyer, R.J. & Mahalik, J.R. (1995). A cross- sectional study of gender role conflict
examining college- aged and middle-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42,
11-19.

Fragoso, J. M., & Kashubeck, S. (2000). Machismo, gender role conflict, and mental health in
Mexican American men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 87-97.

Friedman, A. (2011). Bread losers: An investigation on the effects of employment status and
socioeconomic status on male gender role conflict and depressive symptoms. (Doctoral
dissertation, Texas Tech University), Dissertation Abstracts International.

Good, G. E., & Mintz, L. M. (1990). Gender role conflict and depression in college men:
Evidence for compounded risk. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 17-20.

Good, G. E., Robertson, J. M., Fitzgerald, L. F., Stevens, M., & Bartels, K. M. (1996). The
relation between masculine role conflict and psychological distress in male university
counseling center clients. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75, 44-49.

Good, G. E., & Wood, P. K. (1995). Male gender role conflict, depression, and help seeking: Do
college men face double jeopardy? Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 70-75.

Hayahsi, S. (1999). Masculinity and mental health: The relationship between men's attitudes
toward male gender roles and mental health indices: Anxiety, depression, affect
regulation, and self-esteem. JASS (the Japanese Assembly for the Study of Sex)
Proceedings, 11, 2-11.

Hoyt, M.A. (2009) Gender role conflict and emotional approach coping in men with cancer.
Psychology & Health. 24, 981-996.

Jo, E. (2000) Gender role conflict in Korean men. In J.M. O’Neil & G. Good, (Chairs) Gender
role conflict research in the year 2000: Innovative directions. Symposium conducted at
the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Jones, D. A. (1998). Gender role conflict, coping, and psychological distress in gay men.
(Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59,
4468.

Kang, J. (2001). Relationship between masculine gender role conflict and psychological distress
among Korean male college students. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri,
Columbia, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 4274.

Kelly, J.J. (2000). Gender role conflict as a predictor of clinical depression in a sample of adult
men. (Doctoral dissertation, Temple University, 2000). Dissertation Abstract
International, 61, 5568.

Kim, J., Choi, H., Ha, C., & O’Neil, J.M.(August, 2006). Self-esteem as a mediator between
gender role, gender role conflict, and depression in university male students. In J.
M.O’Neil & G. E. Good (Co-Chairs) Gender role conflict research and diversity: Sexual
orientation, physical injuries, and nationality. Symposium conducted at the American
Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.

Larma, N.C. (2007). Gender role conflict and depression as predictors of help-seeking in male
veterans with erectile dysfunction. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 68/01, 3248028.

Magovceviv, M. & Addis, M. E. (2005). Linking gender role conflict to nonnormative and selfstigmatizing perceptions of alcohol abuse and depression. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 6, 127-136.

Mahalik, J. R., & Cournoyer, R. J. (2000). Identifying gender role conflict messages that
distinguish mildly depressed from non-depressed men. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 1, 109-115.

Mertens, C. E. (2000). Male gender role conflict in depressed versus nondepressed medical
populations (Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 61, 3068.

Newman, S. G. (1997). Self-silencing, depression, gender role, and gender role conflict in
women and men. (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1997). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 58, 6818.

Peterson, F. (1999, August). Gender-role conflict as risk factor among male smokers. Paper
presented at the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Sharpe, M. J., & Heppner, P. P. (1991). Gender role, gender role conflict, and psychological
well-being in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 323-330.

Sharpe, M. J., Heppner, P. P., & Dixon, W. A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality,
expressiveness, and well-being in adult men. Sex Roles, 33, 1-18.

Shepard, D. S. (2002). A negative state of mind: Patterns of depressive symptoms among men
with high gender role conflict. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 3, 3-8.

Simonsen, G., Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological
well-being among gay men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 85-89.

Tate, N. S. (1998). Social support and depression in male GP surgery attendees: An
investigation of the link with gender role conflict. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.

Theodore, H., & Lloyd, B. F. (2000). Age and gender role conflict: A cross-sectional study of
Australian men. Sex Roles, 42, 1027-1042.

Thomas, T.R. (2008). Examining the relationship between gender role conflict and interpersonal
guilt in men. (Doctoral dissertation, The Wright Institute). Doctoral Dissertation
International, 70/01, 3345518.

Wolfram, H., Mohr, G., Borchert, J. (2009). Gender role self-concept, gender role conflict, and
well-being in male primary school teachers. Sex Roles, 60, 114-127.

Anxiety and Stress

Blashill, A.J. & Hughes, H.H. (2009). Gender role and gender role conflict: Preliminary
considerations for psychotherapy with gay men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental
Health, 13, 170-186.

Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (1996). Masculine gender role conflict: Effects on college men's
psychological well-being, chemical substance usage, and attitudes toward help-seeking,
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 461-465.

Burke, K. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological well-being: An exploration in men
enrolled to attend an initiatory weekend. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of
Maryland (Baltimore County), Baltimore, Maryland.

Bursley, K. H. (1996). Gender role strain and help seeking attitudes and behaviors in college
men. (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1996). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 56, 3884.

Cournoyer, R. J., & Mahalik, J. R. (1995). A cross-sectional study of gender role conflict
examining college- aged and middle-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42,
11-19.

Davis, F. (1988). Antecedents and consequents of gender role conflict: An empirical test of sexrole strain analysis. (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, 1988). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 48/11, 3443.

Fragoso, J. M., & Kashubeck, S. (2000). Machismo, gender role conflict, and mental health in
Mexican American men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 87-97.

Good, G. E., Robertson, J. M., Fitzgerald, L. F., Stevens, M., & Bartels, K. M. (1996). The
relation between masculine role conflict and psychological distress in male university
counseling center clients. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75, 44-49.

Hayahsi, S. (1999). Masculinity and mental health: The relationship between men's attitudes
toward male gender roles and mental health indices: Anxiety, depression, affect
regulation, and self-esteem. JASS (the Japanese Assembly for the Study of Sex)
Proceedings, 11, 2-11.

Hayes, J. A., & Mahalik, J. R. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological distress in male
counseling center clients. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 2, 116-125.

Hetzel, R. D. (1998). Gender role strain and perceived social support as correlates of
psychological distress in males (men). (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University,
1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 1534.

Hoyt, M.A. (2009) Gender role conflict and emotional approach coping in men with cancer.
Psychology & Health. 24, 981-996.

Jo, E. (2000) Gender role conflict in Korean men. In J.M. O’Neil & G. Good, (Chairs) Gender
role conflict research in the year 2000: Innovative directions. Symposium conducted at
the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Jones, D. A. (1998). Gender role conflict, coping, and psychological distress in gay men.
(Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59,
4468.

Kang, J. (2001). Relationship between masculine gender role conflict and psychological distress
among Korean male college students. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri,
Columbia, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 4274.

Kratzner, R. E. (2003). Gender role conflict, instrumentality-expressiveness, personality, and
psychological distress in college males. Unpublished Master’s thesis, St. Louis
University, St. Louis, Missouri.

Leka, G. E. (1998). Acculturation of Mexican American male population and gender role
conflict (Master’s Thesis, The University of Texas – Pan American, 1998). Dissertation
Abstract International, 36, 1178.

Liang, C. T.H., Salcedo, J., Miller, H.A. (2011). Perceived racism, masculinity ideologies, and
gender role conflict among Latino men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 12, 201-
215.

Mertens, C. E. (2000). Male gender role conflict in depressed versus nondepressed medical
populations (Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 61, 3068.

Merten, C.E. (August, 2001). Male gender role conflict in depressed versus non depressed
medical populations. In J.M. O'Neil & G.E. Good (Chairs). Gender role conflict research:
Testing new constructs and dimensions empirically. Symposium at the annual meeting of
the American Psychological Association. San Francisco, CA.

Sbaratta, C.A.T. (2011). Male psychology doctoral students: The influence of GRC on training.
(Doctoral dissertation, Seton Hall University). Dissertation Abstract International
3472702.

Sharpe, M. J., & Heppner, P. P. (1991). Gender role, gender role conflict, and psychological
well-being in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 323-330.

Stillson, R. W. (1988). Gender role conflict in adult men: A study of predictive variables.
(Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 50, 366.

Szymanski, D.M. & Carr, E.R. (2008). The role of gender role conflict and internalized
heterosexism in gay and bisexual men's psychological distress: Testing two mediational
models. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 9, 40-54.

Theodore, H., & Lloyd, B. F. (2000). Age and gender role conflict: A cross-sectional study of
Australian men. Sex Roles, 42, 1027-1042.

Van Delft, C. W. (1998). Gender role conflict and psychological distress in army men.
Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Maryland.

Walker, S.C. (2008). An examination of the psychological impact of gender role conflict and the
engagement in double-consciousness among African American men. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 69/08, 3320204.

Wester, S.R., Christianson, H.F., Vogel, D.L. & Wei, M. (2007). Gender role conflict and
psychological distress: The role of social support. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8,
215-224.

Wester, S. R., Kuo, B. C., & Vogel, D. C. (2006). Multicultural coping: Chinese Canadian
adolescents, male gender role conflict, and psychological distress. Psychology of Men
and Masculinity, 7, 83-100.

Wester, S. R., Vogel, D. L., Wei, M., & McLain, R. (2006). African American men, gender role
conflict, and psychological stress: The role of racial identity. Journal of Counseling and
Development. 84, 419-429.

Wolfram, H., Mohr, G., & Borchert, J. (2009). Gender role self-concept, gender role conflict,
and well-being in male primary school teachers. Sex Roles, 60, 114-127.

Help Seeking Attitudes

Bevan, N. (2010). Psychological help seeking: Understanding men's behavior. (Doctoral
Dissertation, The University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, Australia.

Blazina, C., & Marks, I. (2001). College men's affective reactions to individual therapy,
psychoeducation workshops, and men's support group brochures: The influence of gender
role conflict and power dynamics upon help seeking attitudes. Psychotherapy, 38, 297-
305.

Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (1996). Masculine gender role conflict: Effects on college men's
psychological well-being, chemical substance usage, and attitudes toward help-seeking,
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 461-465.

Bursley, K. H. (1996). Gender role strain and help seeking attitudes and behaviors in college
men. (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1996). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 56, 3884.

Cortese, J. (2003). Gender role conflict, personality, and help seeking in adult men (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Southern California, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 64, 4609.

Davis, J.M. & Liang, C. (2012) A test of mediating role of gender role conflict: Latino
masculinities and help seeking. Psychology of Men and Masculinity.

Englar-Carlson, M. (2001). Two causal models of white male psychological help-seeking
attitudes and preferences for psychotherapy. (Doctoral dissertation, Penn State
University, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 1599.

Good, G. E., & Wood, P. K. (1995). Male gender role conflict, depression, and help seeking: Do
college men face double jeopardy? Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 70-75.

Good, G. E., Dell, D. M., & Mintz, L. B. (1989). Male role and gender role conflict: Relations to
help seeking in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 295-300.

Good, G.E., Schoop, L.H. Thomson, D., Hathaway, S., Mazurek, M., Mintz, L.B. et al. (2006).
Masculine roles and rehabilitation outcomes among men recovering from serious injuries.
Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7, 165-176.

Goodwin, M.E. (2009). Gender role conflict, depression, and personality’s effects on help
seeking behaviors, attitudes, and academic performance. (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa
State University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 70, (1-A) 88, 3342251.

Groeschel, B.L. Wester, S.R., & Sedivy, S.K. (2010). Gender role conflict, alcohol, and help
seeking among college men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 11, 123-139.

James, S.D. (2006). Gender role conflict, attachment style, interpersonal problems, and help
seeking in adult men. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Canada, 2006). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 2006.

Jana-Massri, A. (2011). Gender role conflict and attitudes toward seeking professional help in
Egypt (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee). Dissertation
Abstract International, 72/03.

Lane, J. M. & Addis, M .E. (2005). Male gender role conflicts and patterns of help seeking in
Costa Rica and the United States. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 6, 155-168.

Larma, N.C. (2007). Gender role conflict and depression as predictors of help-seeking in male
veterans with erectile dysfunction. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 68/01, 3248028.

Mansfield, A .K., Addis, M. E. & Courtenay, W. (2005). Measurement of men’s help seeking:
Development and evaluation of the Barriers to Help Seeking Scale. Psychology of Men
and Masculinity, 6, 95-108.

Mendoza, J., & Cummings, A. L. (2001). Help-seeking and male gender role attitudes in male
batterers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 833-840.

Osborne, T. L. (2004). Male gender role conflict and perceived social support: Predicting help
seeking in men (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri – St. Louis, 2004)
Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 3175.

Pederson, E.L. & Vogel, D.L. (2007). Male gender role conflict and willingness to seek
counseling: Testing a mediation model on college-aged men. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 54, 373-384.

Robertson, J. M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1992). Overcoming the masculine mystique: Preferences
for alternative forms of assistance among men who avoid counseling. Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 39, 240-246.

Rogers, T.E. (2009). Using the theory of reasoned action to predict college men's intentions to
seek psychological help. (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Akron). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 3375680.

Segalla, R. J. (1996). Shame proneness and its relationship to gender role conflict/stress and male
expectations of and attitudes toward, professional psychological help (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Maryland, 1996). Dissertation Abstracts International, 56,
6446.

Shepard, C. B. (2009). The relationship between male gender role conflict, drive for muscularity
and help seeking: Using the theory of planned behavior to explain why men need help
and don’t seek help. (Master’s Thesis, Colorado State University), Fort Collins, CO.

Simonsen, G., Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological
well-being among gay men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 85-89.

Steinfeldt, J.& Steinfeldt, M.C. ( 2010). Gender role conflict, athletic identity, and help-seeking
among high school football players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 262-273.

Thompson, D.A. (2009). Impact of military experience, psychological distress, gender role
conflict, self-concealment and perceived stigma on attitudes toward seeking professional
help in veterans. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Memphis). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 70, 1960.

Tsai, Y. (2000). The study of the relationship between gender role conflict and attitudes toward
help seeking. (Master thesis, Department of Guidance and Counseling, National
Changhua University of Education, Taiwan.

Vogel, D.L., Wester, S.R., Hammer, J.H., & Downing-Matibage, T. (2014). Referring men to
seek help: The influence of gender role conflict and stigma. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 15, 60-67.

White, A. M. (2002). Gender role conflict and racial identity as indicators of Black men’s help
seeking attitudes (Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2002).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 2567.

Wisch, A. F., Mahalik, J. R., Hayes, J. A., & Nutt, E. A. (1995). The impact of gender role
conflict and counseling technique on psychological help seeking men. Sex Roles, 33, 77-
89

Stigma

Magovceviv, M. & Addis, M. E. (2005). Linking gender role conflict to nonnormative and selfstigmatizing perceptions of alcohol abuse and depression. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 6, 127-136.

Park, J., & Seo Y. (2010). Gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling in male
university students: The mediating roles of social stigma and attitudes toward counseling.
The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 21, 25-48.

Rogers, T.E. (2009). Using the theory of reasoned action to predict college men's intentions to
seek psychological help. (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Akron). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 3375680.

Shepard, C. B. (2009). The relationship between male gender role conflict, drive for muscularity
and help seeking: Using the theory of planned behavior to explain why men need help
and don’t seek help. (Master’s Thesis, Colorado State University), Fort Collins, CO.

Steinfeldt, J.A., Steinfeldt, M.C., England, B., & Speight, Q.L. (2009). Gender role conflict and
stigma toward help-seeking among college football players. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 10, 261-272.

Vogel, D.L., Wester, S.R., Hammer, J.H., & Downing-Matibage, T. (2014). Referring men to
seek help: The influence of gender role conflict and stigma. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 15, 60-67.

Wester. S.R., Arndt, D., Sedivy, S.K., Arndt, L. (2010). Male police officers and stigma
assocaited with counseling: The role of anticipated risks, anticipated benefits and gender
role conflict. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 11, 286-302.

Zumas, B. (2007). Why aren't people seeking help? An examination of factors contributing to
underutilization of psychological services by college students. Senior Honor Thesis.
Lehigh University, Bethehem, PA.

Discrimination and Internalized Oppression

Bryce, D.M. (2012). Predicting men's relationship satisfaction with men through internalized
homonegativity and restricted emotionality (Doctoral dissertation, University of La
Verne). Dissertation Abstracts International, 3535704.

Liang, C. T.H., Salcedo, J., Miller, H.A. (2011). Perceived racism, masculinity ideologies, and
gender role conflict among Latino men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 12, 201-
215.

Robinson, M.A. & Brewster, M.E. (2014). Motivations for fatherhood: Examining internalized
heterosexism and gender role conflict with childless gay and bisexual men. Psychology of
Men and Masculinity. 15, 49-59.

Sanchez, F.J., Westefeld, J.S., Liu, W. M., Vilain, E. (2010). Masculine gender role conflict and
negative feelings about being gay. Professional Psychology, Research, and Practice, 41,
104-111.

Szymanski, D.M. & Carr, E.R. (2008). The role of gender role conflict and internalized
heterosexism in gay and bisexual men's psychological distress: Testing two mediational
models. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 9, 40-54.

Szymanski, D.M. & Ikizler, A.S. (2012). Internalized heterosexism as a mediator in the
relationship between gender role conflict, heterosexist discrimination, and depression
among sexual minority men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14, 211-219.

Zhang, C. (2014). Mediation of internalized homonegativity and moral emotions in Chinese gay
men. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Psychology, Southwest University,
Chongquin, China.

Low Self Esteem

Bingham, T.A., Harawa, N.T., & Williams, J.K. (2012). Gender role conflict among African
American men who have sex with men and women: Association with mental health.
Journal of Public Health, 56, 34-56.

Bursley, K. H. (1996). Gender role strain and help seeking attitudes and behaviors in college
men. (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1996). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 56, 3884.

Choi, H., Kim, J., Hwang, M., & Heppner, M.J. (2010). Self-esteem as a mediator between
instrumentality, gender role conflict, and depression in male Korean high school students.
Sex Roles, 63, 361-372.

Cournoyer, R. J. (1994). A developmental study of gender role conflict in men and its changing
relationship to psychological well- being. (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 1994).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 6476.

Davis, F. (1988). Antecedents and consequents of gender role conflict: An empirical test of sexrole strain analysis. (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, 1988). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 48/11, 3443.

Hayahsi, S. (1999). Masculinity and mental health: The relationship between men's attitudes
toward male gender roles and mental health indices: Anxiety, depression, affect
regulation, and self-esteem. JASS (the Japanese Assembly for the Study of Sex)
Proceedings, 11, 2-11.

Hernandez, A.M. (2006). The effects of gender role conflict and self-esteem. Senior thesis,
Psychology Department, University of LaVerne.

Hobza, C.L. & Rochlen, A.B. (2009). Gender role conflict, drive for muscularity, and the impact
of ideal media portrayals on men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 10, 120-130.

Jo, E. (2000) Gender role conflict in Korean men. In J.M. O’Neil & G. Good, (Chairs) Gender
role conflict research in the year 2000: Innovative directions. Symposium conducted at
the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Laurent, M. G. (1998). Gender role conflict, cultural identity, and self-esteem among AfricanAmerican men. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, 1998).Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 1473.

Lily, R. L. (1999). Gender role conflict among Black/African American college men: Individual
differences and psychological outcomes. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri –
Columbia, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 1088.

Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Theodore, H., Cournoyer, R. J., & Lloyd, B. F. (2001). A crossnational and cross-sectional comparison on men’s gender role conflict and its relationship
to social intimacy and self-esteem, Sex Roles, 45, 1-14.

Schwartz, J. P., & Waldo, M. (2003). Reducing gender role conflict among men attending
partner abuse prevention. Journal for Specialist in Group Work, 20, 1-15.

Schwartz, J., Waldo, M., Bloom-Langell, J., & Merta, R. (1998, August). Gender role conflict:
Relationship to spouse abuse, self-esteem, acculturation, and intervention group outcome.
In J. M. O'Neil & G. E. Good (Chairs), Men's gender role conflict research advancing the
new psychology of men. Symposium conducted at the American Psychological
Association, Toronto, Canada.

Sharpe, M. J., & Heppner, P. P. (1991). Gender role, gender role conflict, and psychological
well-being in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 323-330.

Sharpe, M. J., Heppner, P. P., & Dixon, W. A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality,
expressiveness, and well-being in adult men. Sex Roles, 33, 1-18.

Shek, Y. L. & McEwen, M.K. (2012). The relationship of racial identity and gender role conflict
to self-esteem of Asian American undergraduates. Journal of College Student
Development, 53, 703-718.

Swenson, B. H. (1998). Men and self-disclosure about personal topics: The impact of gender role
conflict, self-esteem, and early relationship with father. (Doctoral dissertation, The
Fielding Institute, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 4543.

Szymanski, D.M. & Carr, E.R. (2008). The role of gender role conflict and internalized
heterosexism in gay and bisexual men's psychological distress: Testing two mediational
models. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 9, 40-54.

Vinson, C.A. (2011). Influence of ethnic identity and perceived discrimination on male gender
role conflicts' impact on well-being (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Women University),
Dissertation Abstracts International, 71-11.

Negative Attitudes, Abused and Violence Toward Women and Others

Amato, F.J. (2012). The relationship of violence to gender role conflict and conformity to
masculine norms in a forensic sample. Journal of Men's Studies, 20, 187-2078.

Amato, F. & MacDonald, J. (2011). Examining risk factors for homeless men: Gender role
conflict, help seeking, substance abuse, and violence. Journal of Men’s Studies, 19, 227-
239.

Chase, L. (2000). Gender role conflict and the level of physical violence: A study of physically
abusive men (Doctoral dissertation, Catholic University of America, 2000). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 61, 2465.

Cohn, A., & Zeichner (2006). Effects of masculine identity and gender role stress on aggression
in men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7, 179-190.

Covell, A. (1998). Characteristics of college males who are likely to sexually harass women: A
test of a mediated model. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California,
1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 60, 2400.

Davis, T. L. (1997). The effectiveness of a sex role socialization-focused date rape prevention
program in reducing rape-supportive attitudes in college fraternity men. (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Iowa, 1997). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 1599.

Glomb, S. M. & Espelage, D. L. (2005). The influence of restrictive emotionality in men’s
emotional appraisal of sexual harassment: A gender role interpretation. Psychology of
Men and Masculinity, 6, 240-253.

Harnishfeger, B. R. (1998). The relationship of gender role conflict to male college students'
receipt and use of violence in heterosexual dating relationships. (Doctoral dissertation,
Western Michigan University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 3108.

Hill, M. S., & Fischer, A. R. (2001). Does entitlement mediate the link between masculinity and
rape-related variables? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 39-50.

Jacobs, J. R. (1996). Psychological and demographic correlates of men's perceptions of and
attitudes toward sexual harassment. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern
California, 1996). Dissertation Abstracts International, 57, 3826.

Johnston, C. L. (2005). An examination of gender role conflict among male forensic inpatients
(Clinical Research Project, Argosy University/Phoenix). Phoenix, Arizona.

Kaplan, R. (1992). Normative masculinity and sexual aggression among college males. (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53,
3005.

Kaplan, R., O'Neil, J. M., & Owen, S. (1993, August). Sexist, normative, and progressive
masculinity and sexual assault: Empirical research. In J. M. O'Neil (Chair), Research on
men's sexual assault and constructive gender role interventions. Symposium conducted
at the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

Kassing, L. R., Beesley, D., & Frey, L. I. (2005). Gender role conflict, homophobia, age, and
education as predictors of male rape myth acceptance. Journal of Mental Health Counseling,
27, 311-328.

Kearney, L., King, E. B., & Rochlen, A. B. (2004) Male gender role conflict, sexual harassment
tolerance, and efficacy of a psychoeducative training program. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity. 5, 72-82.

O'Neil, J. M., Owen, S. V., Holmes, S. E., Dolgopolov, N., & Slastenin, V. (1994, August).
Russian-American men's psychological violence toward women: Cross cultural
differences. In J. M. O'Neil & G. E. Good (Chairs), Research on men's sexual and
psychological assault of women: Programming considerations. Symposium conducted at
the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA.

Rando, R. A., Rogers, J. R. & Brittan-Powell, C. (1998). Gender role conflict in college men's
sexually aggressive attitudes and behavior. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 20.

Schwartz, J., Tylka, T. L., & Hood, I. B. (2005, August). Gender role conflict and prejudice: The
role of entitlement. In J. M. O’Neil & G. E. Good (Co-Chairs), Gender role conflict
research studies: Assessing contextual, therapeutic, and interpersonal variables.
Symposium conducted at the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Schwartz, J. P., & Waldo, M. (2003). Reducing gender role conflict among men attending
partner abuse prevention. Journal for Specialist in Group Work, 20, 1-15.

Schwartz, J., Waldo, M., Bloom-Langell, J., & Merta, R. (1998, August). Gender role conflict:
Relationship to spouse abuse, self-esteem, acculturation, and intervention group outcome.
In J. M. O'Neil & G. E. Good (Chairs), Men's gender role conflict research advancing the
new psychology of men. Symposium conducted at the American Psychological
Association, Toronto, Canada.

Senn, C. Y, Desmarais, S., Verberg, N., & Wood, E. (2000). Predicating coercive sexual
behavior across the lifespan in a random sample of Canadian men. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 17, 95-113.

Serna, G. S. (2004). The confounding role of personality in the relation to gender role conflict
and substance abuse and sexual aggression against women (Doctoral dissertation,
University of Akron, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 1064.

Intimacy, Self-Disclosure and Relationship with Fathers

Chartier, B. M., & Arnold, W. J. (1985, June). Male socialization and the development of identity
and intimacy in young college men. Paper presented at the 46th annual meeting of the
Canadian Psychological Association, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Cournoyer, R. J., & Mahalik, J. R. (1995). A cross-sectional study of gender role conflict
examining college- aged and middle-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42,
11-19.

Fischer, A. R., & Good, G. E. (1998). Perceptions of parent-child relationships and masculine
role conflicts of college men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 346-352.

Good, G. E., Robertson, J. M., O'Neil, J. M., Fitzgerald, L. F., Stevens, M., DeBord, K., et al.
(1995). Male gender role conflict: Psychometric issues and relations to psychological
distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 3-10.

Lindley & Schwartz, (2006,August. Implications of gender role conflict: Religious
fundamentalism, homophobia, and intimacy. Paper presented at the 114th Annual
Convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.

Odes, E. (2009). Male perfectionists with close same-sex friends: Self disclosure, gender role
conflict, and relational interdependent self-construal. (Doctoral dissertation, The
Pennsylvania State University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 69, 7180.

Rainwater, S. (2010). An examination of the dimensions of intimacy and male gender role
conflict. (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Oklahoma). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 3433059.

Sharpe, M. J., & Heppner, P. P. (1991). Gender role, gender role conflict, and psychological
well-being in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 323-330.

Sharpe, M. J., Heppner, P. P., & Dixon, W. A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality,
expressiveness, and well-being in adult men. Sex Roles, 33, 1-18.

Sileo, F. J. (1996). Gender role conflict: Intimacy and closeness in male- male friendships.
(Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University, 1996) Dissertation Abstracts International,
56, 4645.

Theodore, H., & Lloyd, B. F. (2000). Age and gender role conflict: A cross-sectional study of
Australian men. Sex Roles, 42, 1027-1042.

Van Hyfte, G.J. & Rabinowitz, F.E. (August, 2001). Men's group affiliation and same-sex
intimacy. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, San Francisco

Marital Satisfaction, Family Dynamics and Couple GRC

Alexander, P. E. (1999). The relationship between masculinity ideology and gender role conflict
to parenting and marital issues. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 3678.

Breiding, M. J. (2004). Observed hostility and observed dominance as mediators of the
relationship between husbands’ gender role conflict and wives’ outcomes. Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 51, 429-436.

Breiding, M.J., Windle, C.R., & Smith, D.A. (2008). Interspousal criticism: A behavioral
mediator between husband’s gender role conflict and wife’s adjustment. Sex Roles, 59,
880-888.

Brewer, A. M. (1998). The relationships among gender role conflict, depression, hopelessness,
and marital satisfaction in a sample of African-American men. (Doctoral dissertation,
Kent State University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 3049.

Campbell, J. L., & Snow, B. M. (1992). Gender role conflict and family environment as
predictors of men's marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 6, 84- 87.

Celentana, M. A. (2000). Men’s gender role adherence, relational partner’s psychological wellbeing, and constructivist measures of intimacy. (Doctoral dissertation, Miami University,
2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 5555.

Leka, G. E. (1998). Acculturation of Mexican American male population and gender role
conflict (Master’s Thesis, The University of Texas – Pan American, 1998). Dissertation
Abstract International, 36, 1178.

Rochlen, A., & Mahalik, J. R. (2004). Women’s perceptions of male partner’s gender role
conflict as predictors of psychological well-being and relationship satisfaction.
Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, 147-157.

Scott, R.P. (2001) The relationship between family structure and male gender role development.
(Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia). Dissertation Abstracts International.

Sharpe, M. J., Heppner, P. P., & Dixon, W. A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality,
expressiveness, and well-being in adult men. Sex Roles, 33, 1-18.

Windle, C.R. & Smith, D.A. (2009). Withdrawal moderates the association between husband
gender role conflict and wife marital adjustment. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 10,
245-260

Attachment, Bonding and Family Individuation

Blazina, C., Novotny, M.L., Stevens, D.N., Hunter, M. (August, 2008). Man's best friend: Pet
companions, gender role conflict, attachment, and loss. In J.M. O'Neil & G.E. Good (chairs).
Four studies assessing the contextual complexity of the gender role conflict construct.
Symposium conducted at the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (2000). Separation/individuation, parental attachment, and male
gender conflict: Attitudes toward the feminine and the fragile masculine self. Psychology
of Men and Masculinity, 1, 126-132.

Cachia, P. (2001). The interplay of gender role conflict and adult attachment. Unpublished
Master thesis, University of Malta, Malta.

Covell, A. (1998). Characteristics of college males who are likely to sexually harass women: A
test of a mediated model. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California,
1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 60, 2400.

Defranc, W., & Mahalik, J.R. (2002). Masculine gender role conflict and stress in relation to
parental attachment and separation. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 3, 51-60.

Fischer, A.R. (2007). Parental relationship quality and masculine gender role strain in young
men: Mediating effects of personality. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 328-358.

Fischer, A. R., & Good, G. E. (1998). Perceptions of parent-child relationships and masculine
role conflicts of college men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 346-352.

Griffin, J.A. (2011). Sexual compulsivity among sexual minorities: Relations to attachment
orientations and gender role conflict. (Master’s Thesis, Loyola University Maryland,
Baltimore, MD).

James, S.D. (2006). Gender role conflict, attachment style, interpersonal problems, and help
seeking in adult men. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Canada, 2006).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 2006.

Land, L.N., Rochlen, A.B., & Vaugh, B.K. (2011). Correlates of adult attachment avoidance:
Men's avoidance of intimacy in romantic relationships. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 12, 64-74.

Napolitano, J. M., Mahalik, J. R., & Kenny, M. E. (1999, August). Relation of gender role strain
and attachment to men's psychosocial development. Paper presented at the American
Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Schwartz, J. P., Buboltz, W., Seeman, E. A., & Flye, A. (2004). Personality styles: Predictors of
masculine gender role conflict in male prison inmates. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 5, 59-64.

Selby, B. W. (1999). The relation of attachment, adjustment, and narcissism to masculine gender
role conflict (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas, 1999). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 61, 5005.

Siffert, K.J. (2012). A structural equation model investigating parental relationships and
gendered-functioning among men: Links to Kohut’s self psychology (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation) .University of Houston. Houston, TX

Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (1996). Masculine gender role conflict: Effects on college men's
psychological well-being, chemical substance usage, and attitudes toward help-seeking,
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 461-465.

Fahey, J. (2003). Male role issues among hospitalized alcohol abusers: Prediction of addiction
severity, readiness to change, and intensity of drug-thinking style. (Doctoral dissertation,
Temple University, 2003) Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 1544.

Good, G.E., Schoop, L.H. Thomson, D., Hathaway, S., Mazurek, M., Mintz, L.B. et al. (2006).
Masculine roles and rehabilitation outcomes among men recovering from serious injuries.
Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7, 165-176.

Groeschel, B.L. Wester, S.R., & Sedivy, S.K. (2010). Gender role conflict, alcohol, and help
seeking among college men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 11, 123-139.

Howells, V.A. (2010). Gender role conflict and drive for muscularity: Predictors of problematic
drinking behaviors in college aged men. Master’s Thesis. Department of Educational
Leadership and Counseling Psychology, Washington State University.

Kang, J. (2001). Relationship between masculine gender role conflict and psychological distress
among Korean male college students. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri,
Columbia, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 4274.

Korcuska, J. S., & Thombs, D. L. (2003). Gender role conflict and sex-specific drinking norms:
Relationship to alcohol use in undergraduate women and men. Journal of College Student
Development, 44, 204-216.

McMahon, T. J., Winkel, J. D., & Luthar, S. S. (2000, August). Gender role conflict, drug
dependence, and fatherhood: A comparative analysis. In J. M. O'Neil & G. E. Good
(Chairs), Gender role conflict in the year 2000: Innovative directions. Symposium
conducted at the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Monk, D., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Three dimensions of the male gender roles as
correlates of alcohol and cannabis involvement in young Australian men. Psychology of
Men and Masculinity, 4, 57-69.

Peterson, F. (1999, August). Gender-role conflict as risk factor among male smokers. Paper
presented at the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Uy, P.G., Massoth, N., & Gottdiener, W.H. (2013). Rethinking male drinking: Traditional
ideologies, gender role conflict, and drinking motives. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity,

Shame and Guilt

McMahon, T. J., Winkel, J. D., & Luthar, S. S. (2000, August). Gender role conflict, drug
dependence, and fatherhood: A comparative analysis. In J. M. O'Neil & G. E. Good
(Chairs), Gender role conflict in the year 2000: Innovative directions. Symposium
conducted at the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Segalla, R. J. (1996). Shame proneness and its relationship to gender role conflict/stress and male
expectations of and attitudes toward, professional psychological help (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Maryland, 1996). Dissertation Abstracts International, 56,
6446.

Thomas, T.R. (2008). Examining the relationship between gender role conflict and interpersonal
guilt in men. (Doctoral dissertation, The Wright Institute). Doctoral Dissertation
International, 70/01, 3345518.

Thompkins, C. D., & Rando, R. A. (2003). Gender role conflict and shame in college men.
Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 4, 79-81.

Thomson, D. (2005). Masculine role conflict, shame-proneness and psychological adjustment:
Testing a mediational model. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 65/09, 4854.

Vu, P. H. (2000). Relations between acculturation and gender roles conflict, shame-proneness,
and psychological well-being among Vietnamese-American men. (Doctoral dissertation,
University of Missouri – Columbia, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61,
5011.

Hopelessness, Self Destructiveness and Suicide

Birthistle, I. (1999). Male gender role conflict, coping skills, and hopelessness. Eisteach, Irish
Association for Counselling and Therapy, Summer, 2-8.

Borthick, M. J. (1997). Gender role conflict and suicidal ideation in an adolescent and young
adult population: Age 18-24 year-old. (Doctoral dissertation, Tennessee State University,
1997). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 4437.

Borthick, M. J., Knox, P. L., Taylor, J. R., & Dietrich, M. S. (1997, August). Gender role
conflict and suicide probability: Age 18-24 years. Paper presented at the American
Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

Brewer, A. M. (1998). The relationships among gender role conflict, depression, hopelessness,
and marital satisfaction in a sample of African-American men. (Doctoral dissertation,
Kent State University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 3049.

Houle, J., Mishara, B.L., Chagnon, F. (2009). An empirical test of a mediational model of impact
of the traditional male gender role on suicidal behavior in men. Journal of Affective
Disorders,107, 37-43.

Naranjo, S. (2001). The self-destructive man: A study of gender role conflict (Doctoral
dissertation, Central Michigan University, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International.
62, 1592.

Naranjo, S. (2001). The self-destructive man: A study of gender role conflict (Doctoral
dissertation, Central Michigan University, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International.
62, 1592.

Traditional Attitudes Towards Women

Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (2000). Separation/individuation, parental attachment, and male
gender conflict: Attitudes toward the feminine and the fragile masculine self. Psychology
of Men and Masculinity, 1, 126-132.

Jacobs, J. R. (1996). Psychological and demographic correlates of men's perceptions of and
attitudes toward sexual harassment. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern
California, 1996). Dissertation Abstracts International, 57, 3826.

Mintz, R., & Mahalik, J.R. (1996). Sex role ideology and gender role conflict as predictors of
family roles for men. Sex Roles, 34, 805-821.

Robinson, D. T., & Schwartz, J. P. (2004). Relationship between gender role conflict and
attitudes toward women and African Americans. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5,
65-71.

Addelston, J. (1995). Gender role conflict in elite independent high schools (Doctoral
dissertation, SUNY Graduate School). Dissertation Abstracts International, 57(05B),
3450.

Wood, J.M. (2004). An exploration into gender role conflict, attitudes toward females, and
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Stereotyping and Sex Role Egalitarianism

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