Psychological Correlates of GRC

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Many of the GRC studies are now clustered into specific topic areas related to GRC. The clusters are helpful to researchers by collecting together, in one place, similar studies on many topics that have been significantly correlated with GRC.

The four clusters are depicted in the tables found in this menu item and include a) Psychological Correlates of GRC, b) Physical and Psychological Health Correlates of GRC, c) Special Groups and GRC, d) Special Topics & GRC.

The arrows pointing to GRC (See Table 1) establish that there are clusters of GRC empirical research studies on each topic. The file lists the citations on specific topics for quick reference to many studies on the same dependent variable.

The figure above shows the psychological correlates of GRC from empirical studies from 1986-2013. The 15 clusters are linked to references for each topic and can be accessed by clicking on the drop down box for each cluster area.
The table below provides the correlates of GRC with the authors, dates of publications, and the complete reference to the study.

My overall summary of these studies is that most found some significant relationship between GRC and one of the correlates (O’Neil, 2008; 2015). More analysis of these studies is needed. For example, with the 34 studies on depression, what do the studies collectively tell us about the role GRC plays in men’s depression? My past analysis of these studies has been general, noting overall relationships but not the detailed summary that they deserve.
I encourage future researchers to do more complete analyses of this past research so we can more actively communicate with the public about men’s depression and the other correlates in the figure.

Studies after 2013 are not listed in this file, but the more recent publications are found in Published Studies and Dissertations Sections of the web page.

Depression	Anxiety and Stress	Help Seeking Attitudes	Low Self Esteem
Blazina & Jackson, 2009 Blazina & Watkins, 1996 Brewer, 1998 Burke, 2000 Bursely, 1996 Choi, Kim, Hwang, & Heppner, 2010 Coonerty-Femiano, Kutzman, Femiano, Gemar, Toner, 2001 Cournoyer & Mahalik, 1995 Fragoso & Kashabeck, 2000 Friedman, 2011 Good & Mintz, 1990 Good, Robertson, Fitzgerald, Stevens, & Bartels, 1996 Good & Wood, 1995 Hayashi, 1999 Hoyt, 2009 Jo, 2000 Jones, 1998 Kang, 2001 Kelly, 2000 Kim, Choi, Ha, O’Neil, 2006 Larma, 2007 Magovcevic & Addis, 2005 Mahalik & Cournoyer, 2000 Mertens, 2000 Newman, 1997 Peterson, 1999 Sharpe & Heppner, 1991 Sharpe Heppner, & Dixon, 1995 Shepard, 2002 Simonsen, Blazina & Watkins, 2000 Tate, 1998; Theodore & Lloyd, 2000 Thomas, 2008 Wolfram, Mohr, & Burchert, 2009	Blashill & Hughes, 2009 Blazina & Watkins, 1996 Burke, 2000 Bursely, 1996 Cournoyer & Mahalik, 1995 Davis, 1998 Fragoso & Kashubeck, 2000 Good, Robertson, Fitzgerald, Stevens & Bartels, 1996 Hayashi, 1999 Hayes & Mahalik, 2000 Hetzel, 1998 Hoyt, 2009 Jo, 2000 Jones, 1998 Kang, 2001 Kratzner, 2003 Leka, 1998 Liang, Salcedo & Miller, 2011 Mertens, 2000, 2001 Sbratta, 2011 Sharpe & Heppner, 1991 Stillson,1988 Syzmanski & Carr, 2008 Theodore & Lloyd, 2000 Van Delft, 1998 Walker, 2008 Wester, Christianson, Vogel, & Wei, 2007 Wester, Kuo, & Vogel, 2006 Wester, Vogel, Wei, Mclain, 2006 Wolfram, Mohr, & Borchert, 2009	Bevan, 2010 Blazina & Marks, 2001 Blazina & Watkins, 1996 Bursley, 1996 Cortese, 2003 Davis & Liang, 2012 Englar-Carlson, 2001 Englar Carlson, 2001 Good & Wood, 1995 Good, Dell, & Mintz, 1989 Good, Schoop, Thomson, Hathaway, Mazurek, Mintz, et al., 2006 Goodwin, 2009 Groeschel, Wester, Sedivy, 2010 James, 2006 Jana-Massri, 2011 Lane & Addis, 2005 Larma, 2007 Mansfield, Addis, Courtenay, 2005 Mendoza & Cummings, 2001 Osborne, 2004 Pederson & Vogel, 2007 Robertson & Fitzgerald, 1992 Rogers, 2009 Segalla, 1996 Shepard, 2009 Simonsen, Blazina & Watkins, 2000 Steinfeldt & Steinfeldt, 2010 Thompson, 2009 Tsai, 2000 Vogel, Wester, Hammer, Downing-Matibag, 2014 White, 2002 Wisch, Mahalik, Hayes, & Nutt, 1995	Bingham, Harawa, & Williams, 2012 Bursely, 1996 Choi, Kim, Hwang, & Heppner, 2010 Cournoyer, 1994 Davis, 1988 Hayashi, 1999 Hernandez, 2006 Hobza & Rochlen, 2009 Jo, 2000 Laurent, 1998 Lily, 1999 Mahalik, Locke, Theodore, Cournoyer, & Lloyd, 2001 Schwartz & Waldo, 2003 Schwartz, Waldo, BloomLangell, & Merta, 1998, Sharpe & Heppner, 1991 Sharpe, Heppner, & Dixon, 1995 Shek & McEwen, 2012 Swenson, 1998 Symananski & Carr, 2008 Vinson, 2011
Alcohol and Substance Abuse	Shame and Guilt	Stigma	Intimacy, Self-Disclosure, and Relationships With Fathers
Blazina & Watkins, 1996 Fahey, 2003 Good, Schoop, Thomson, Hathaway, Mazurek, Mintz, Sandford-Martens, 2006 Groeschel, Wester, & Sedivy, 2010 Howell, 2010 Kang, 2001 Korucuska & Thombs, 2003 McMahon, Winkel, & Luthar, 2000 Monk & Riccuardelli, 2003 Peterson, 1999 Uy Massoth, & Gottdiener, 2013	McMahon, Winkel, & Luthar, 2000 Segalla, 1996 Thomas, 2008 Thompkins & Rando, 2003 Thomson, 2005 Vu, 2000	Magovceviv & Addis, 2005 Park & Seo, 2009 Rogers, 2009 Sheppard, 2009 Steinfeldt, Steinfeldt, England, & Speight, 2009 Vogel, Wester, Hammer, Downing-Matibag, 2014 Wester, Arndt, Sedivy, & Arndt, 2010 Zumas, 2007	Chartier & Arnold, 1985 Cournoyer & Mahalik, 1995 Fisher & Good, 1997 Good, Robertson, O'Neil, Fitzgerald, Stevens, DeBord, et al.. 1995 Lindley & Schwartz, 2006 Odes, 2008 Rainwater, 2011 Sharpe & Heppner, 1991 Sharpe, Heppner, & Dixon, 1995 Sileo, 1996 Theodore & Lloyd, 2000 Van Hyfte & Rabinowitz, 2001
Marital Satisfaction, Family Dynamics, and Couple’s GRC	Discrimination and Internalized Oppression	Negative Attitudes, Abuse and Violence Toward Women and Others	Attachment, Bonding, and Family Individuation
Alexander, 1999 Breiding, 2004 Breiding, Windle & Smith, 2008 Brewer, 1998 Campbell & Snow 1992 Celentana, 2000 Leka, 1998 Rochlen & Mahalik, 2004 Scott, 2001 Sharpe, Heppner, & Dixon, 1995 Windle & Smith, 2009	Byrce, 2012 Liang, Sakedo, Miller 2011 Robinson & Brewster, 2014 Sanchez, Westefeld, Lui, & Vilain, 2010 Szymanski & Carr, 2008 Szymanski & Ikize, 2012 2010 Zhang, 2014	Amato, 2012 Amato & MacDonald, 2011 Chase, 2000 Cohn & Zeichner, 2006 Covell, 1998 Davis, 1997 Glomb & Espelage, 2005 Harnishfeger, 1998 Hill & Fisher, 2001 Jacobs, 1996 Johnston, 2005 Kaplan, 1992 Kaplan O’Neil, & Owen, 1993 Kassing et al., 2005 Kearney, King & Rochlen, 2004 O’Neil, Owen, Holmes, Dolgopolov, Slastenin, 1994 Rando, Rogers, & BrittanPowell, 1998 Schwartz, Tylka, & Hood, 2005 Schwartz & Waldo, 2003 Schwartz, Waldo, BloomLangell, & Merta, 1998 Senn, Desmarais, Verberg, & Wood, 2000 Serna, 2004	Blazina, Novotny, Stevens, & Hunter, 2008 Blazina & Watkins, 2000 Cachia, 2001 Covell, 1998 DeFranc & Mahalik, 2002 Fischer, 2007 Fischer & Good, 1998 Griffin, 2011 James, 2006 Land, Rochlen, Vaugh, 2011 Napolitano, Mahalik, & Kenny, 1999 Schwartz, Buboltz, Seeman, & Flye, 2004 Selby, 1999 Siffert, 2012
Hopelessness, Self Destructiveness & Suicide	Traditional Attitudes Towards Women	Stereotyping and Sex Role Egalitarianism	Biases Against Sexual and Racial Minorities
Birthistle, 1999 Borthick, 1997 Borthick, Knox, Taylor, & Dietrich, 1997 Brewer, 1999 Houle, Mishan, & Chagnon, 2009 Naranjo, 2001	Blazina & Watkins, 2000 Jacobs, 1996 Mintz & Mahalik, 1996 Robinson & Schwartz, 2004 Wood, 2004	Addelston, 1995 Englar-Carlson & Vindiver, 2001 Heesacker, Wester, Vogel, Wentzel, Mejia-Millan & Goodholm, 1999 Rando, Rogers & BrittanPowell, 1998 Tokar, Fischer, Staub & Moradi, 2000	Kassing, Beesley & Frey, 2005 Lindley & Schwartz, 2006 Robinson & Schwartz, 2004 Schwartz, Tylka, & Hood, 2005 Walker, Tokar & Fischer, 2000 Wilkinson, 2004

See full references in the drop downs below:

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Blazina, C. & Watkins, C.E. (1996). Masculine gender role conflict: Effects on college men's
psychological well-being, chemical substance usage, and attitudes toward help- seeking,
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 461-465.

Brewer, A. M. (1998). The relationships among gender role conflict, depression, hopelessness,
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Burke, K. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological well-being: An exploration in men
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Bursley, K. H. (1996). Gender role strain and help seeking attitudes and behaviors in college
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Choi, H., Kim, J., Hwang, M., & Heppner, M.J. (2010). Self esteem as a mediator between
instrumentality, gender role conflict, and depression in male Korean high school
students. Sex Roles, 63, 361-372.

Coonerty-Femiano, A. M., Katzman, M. A., Femiano, S., Gemar, M., & Toner, B., (2001,
August). Gender role conflict in male survivors of childhood abuse. Paper presented at
the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

Cournoyer, R.J. & Mahalik, J.R. (1995). A cross- sectional study of gender role conflict
examining college- aged and middle-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42,
11-19.

Fragoso, J. M., & Kashubeck, S. (2000). Machismo, gender role conflict, and mental health in
Mexican American men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 87-97.

Friedman, A. (2011). Bread losers: An investigation on the effects of employment status and
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Good, G. E., & Mintz, L. M. (1990). Gender role conflict and depression in college men:
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Good, G. E., Robertson, J. M., Fitzgerald, L. F., Stevens, M., & Bartels, K. M. (1996). The
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Good, G. E., & Wood, P. K. (1995). Male gender role conflict, depression, and help seeking: Do
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Hayahsi, S. (1999). Masculinity and mental health: The relationship between men's attitudes
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Hoyt, M.A. (2009) Gender role conflict and emotional approach coping in men with cancer.
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Jo, E. (2000) Gender role conflict in Korean men. In J.M. O’Neil & G. Good, (Chairs) Gender
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Kang, J. (2001). Relationship between masculine gender role conflict and psychological distress
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Kelly, J.J. (2000). Gender role conflict as a predictor of clinical depression in a sample of adult
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Magovceviv, M. & Addis, M. E. (2005). Linking gender role conflict to nonnormative and selfstigmatizing perceptions of alcohol abuse and depression. Psychology of Men and
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Mahalik, J. R., & Cournoyer, R. J. (2000). Identifying gender role conflict messages that
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Mertens, C. E. (2000). Male gender role conflict in depressed versus nondepressed medical
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Peterson, F. (1999, August). Gender-role conflict as risk factor among male smokers. Paper
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Sharpe, M. J., & Heppner, P. P. (1991). Gender role, gender role conflict, and psychological
well-being in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 323-330.

Sharpe, M. J., Heppner, P. P., & Dixon, W. A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality,
expressiveness, and well-being in adult men. Sex Roles, 33, 1-18.

Shepard, D. S. (2002). A negative state of mind: Patterns of depressive symptoms among men
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Simonsen, G., Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological
well-being among gay men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 85-89.

Tate, N. S. (1998). Social support and depression in male GP surgery attendees: An
investigation of the link with gender role conflict. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.

Theodore, H., & Lloyd, B. F. (2000). Age and gender role conflict: A cross-sectional study of
Australian men. Sex Roles, 42, 1027-1042.

Thomas, T.R. (2008). Examining the relationship between gender role conflict and interpersonal
guilt in men. (Doctoral dissertation, The Wright Institute). Doctoral Dissertation
International, 70/01, 3345518.

Wolfram, H., Mohr, G., Borchert, J. (2009). Gender role self-concept, gender role conflict, and
well-being in male primary school teachers. Sex Roles, 60, 114-127.

Blashill, A.J. & Hughes, H.H. (2009). Gender role and gender role conflict: Preliminary
considerations for psychotherapy with gay men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental
Health, 13, 170-186.

Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (1996). Masculine gender role conflict: Effects on college men's
psychological well-being, chemical substance usage, and attitudes toward help-seeking,
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 461-465.

Cournoyer, R. J., & Mahalik, J. R. (1995). A cross-sectional study of gender role conflict
examining college- aged and middle-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42,
11-19.

Davis, F. (1988). Antecedents and consequents of gender role conflict: An empirical test of sexrole strain analysis. (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, 1988). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 48/11, 3443.

Fragoso, J. M., & Kashubeck, S. (2000). Machismo, gender role conflict, and mental health in
Mexican American men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 87-97.

Hayes, J. A., & Mahalik, J. R. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological distress in male
counseling center clients. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 2, 116-125.

Hetzel, R. D. (1998). Gender role strain and perceived social support as correlates of
psychological distress in males (men). (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University,
1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 1534.

Hoyt, M.A. (2009) Gender role conflict and emotional approach coping in men with cancer.
Psychology & Health. 24, 981-996.

Jones, D. A. (1998). Gender role conflict, coping, and psychological distress in gay men.
(Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59,
4468.

Kratzner, R. E. (2003). Gender role conflict, instrumentality-expressiveness, personality, and
psychological distress in college males. Unpublished Master’s thesis, St. Louis
University, St. Louis, Missouri.

Leka, G. E. (1998). Acculturation of Mexican American male population and gender role
conflict (Master’s Thesis, The University of Texas – Pan American, 1998). Dissertation
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Liang, C. T.H., Salcedo, J., Miller, H.A. (2011). Perceived racism, masculinity ideologies, and
gender role conflict among Latino men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 12, 201-
215.

Merten, C.E. (August, 2001). Male gender role conflict in depressed versus non depressed
medical populations. In J.M. O'Neil & G.E. Good (Chairs). Gender role conflict research:
Testing new constructs and dimensions empirically. Symposium at the annual meeting of
the American Psychological Association. San Francisco, CA.

Sbaratta, C.A.T. (2011). Male psychology doctoral students: The influence of GRC on training.
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Sharpe, M. J., & Heppner, P. P. (1991). Gender role, gender role conflict, and psychological
well-being in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 323-330.

Stillson, R. W. (1988). Gender role conflict in adult men: A study of predictive variables.
(Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 50, 366.

Szymanski, D.M. & Carr, E.R. (2008). The role of gender role conflict and internalized
heterosexism in gay and bisexual men's psychological distress: Testing two mediational
models. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 9, 40-54.

Theodore, H., & Lloyd, B. F. (2000). Age and gender role conflict: A cross-sectional study of
Australian men. Sex Roles, 42, 1027-1042.

Van Delft, C. W. (1998). Gender role conflict and psychological distress in army men.
Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Maryland.

Walker, S.C. (2008). An examination of the psychological impact of gender role conflict and the
engagement in double-consciousness among African American men. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 69/08, 3320204.

Wester, S.R., Christianson, H.F., Vogel, D.L. & Wei, M. (2007). Gender role conflict and
psychological distress: The role of social support. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8,
215-224.

Wester, S. R., Kuo, B. C., & Vogel, D. C. (2006). Multicultural coping: Chinese Canadian
adolescents, male gender role conflict, and psychological distress. Psychology of Men
and Masculinity, 7, 83-100.

Wester, S. R., Vogel, D. L., Wei, M., & McLain, R. (2006). African American men, gender role
conflict, and psychological stress: The role of racial identity. Journal of Counseling and
Development. 84, 419-429.

Wolfram, H., Mohr, G., & Borchert, J. (2009). Gender role self-concept, gender role conflict,
and well-being in male primary school teachers. Sex Roles, 60, 114-127.

Bevan, N. (2010). Psychological help seeking: Understanding men's behavior. (Doctoral
Dissertation, The University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, Australia.

Blazina, C., & Marks, I. (2001). College men's affective reactions to individual therapy,
psychoeducation workshops, and men's support group brochures: The influence of gender
role conflict and power dynamics upon help seeking attitudes. Psychotherapy, 38, 297-
305.

Cortese, J. (2003). Gender role conflict, personality, and help seeking in adult men (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Southern California, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 64, 4609.

Davis, J.M. & Liang, C. (2012) A test of mediating role of gender role conflict: Latino
masculinities and help seeking. Psychology of Men and Masculinity.

Englar-Carlson, M. (2001). Two causal models of white male psychological help-seeking
attitudes and preferences for psychotherapy. (Doctoral dissertation, Penn State
University, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 1599.

Good, G. E., & Wood, P. K. (1995). Male gender role conflict, depression, and help seeking: Do
college men face double jeopardy? Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 70-75.

Good, G. E., Dell, D. M., & Mintz, L. B. (1989). Male role and gender role conflict: Relations to
help seeking in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 295-300.

Good, G.E., Schoop, L.H. Thomson, D., Hathaway, S., Mazurek, M., Mintz, L.B. et al. (2006).
Masculine roles and rehabilitation outcomes among men recovering from serious injuries.
Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7, 165-176.

Goodwin, M.E. (2009). Gender role conflict, depression, and personality’s effects on help
seeking behaviors, attitudes, and academic performance. (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa
State University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 70, (1-A) 88, 3342251.

Groeschel, B.L. Wester, S.R., & Sedivy, S.K. (2010). Gender role conflict, alcohol, and help
seeking among college men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 11, 123-139.

James, S.D. (2006). Gender role conflict, attachment style, interpersonal problems, and help
seeking in adult men. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Canada, 2006). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 2006.

Jana-Massri, A. (2011). Gender role conflict and attitudes toward seeking professional help in
Egypt (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee). Dissertation
Abstract International, 72/03.

Lane, J. M. & Addis, M .E. (2005). Male gender role conflicts and patterns of help seeking in
Costa Rica and the United States. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 6, 155-168.

Mansfield, A .K., Addis, M. E. & Courtenay, W. (2005). Measurement of men’s help seeking:
Development and evaluation of the Barriers to Help Seeking Scale. Psychology of Men
and Masculinity, 6, 95-108.

Mendoza, J., & Cummings, A. L. (2001). Help-seeking and male gender role attitudes in male
batterers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 833-840.

Osborne, T. L. (2004). Male gender role conflict and perceived social support: Predicting help
seeking in men (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri – St. Louis, 2004)
Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 3175.

Pederson, E.L. & Vogel, D.L. (2007). Male gender role conflict and willingness to seek
counseling: Testing a mediation model on college-aged men. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 54, 373-384.

Robertson, J. M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1992). Overcoming the masculine mystique: Preferences
for alternative forms of assistance among men who avoid counseling. Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 39, 240-246.

Rogers, T.E. (2009). Using the theory of reasoned action to predict college men's intentions to
seek psychological help. (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Akron). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 3375680.

Segalla, R. J. (1996). Shame proneness and its relationship to gender role conflict/stress and male
expectations of and attitudes toward, professional psychological help (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Maryland, 1996). Dissertation Abstracts International, 56,
6446.

Shepard, C. B. (2009). The relationship between male gender role conflict, drive for muscularity
and help seeking: Using the theory of planned behavior to explain why men need help
and don’t seek help. (Master’s Thesis, Colorado State University), Fort Collins, CO.

Simonsen, G., Blazina, C., & Watkins, C. E. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological
well-being among gay men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 85-89.

Steinfeldt, J.& Steinfeldt, M.C. ( 2010). Gender role conflict, athletic identity, and help-seeking
among high school football players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 262-273.

Thompson, D.A. (2009). Impact of military experience, psychological distress, gender role
conflict, self-concealment and perceived stigma on attitudes toward seeking professional
help in veterans. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Memphis). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 70, 1960.

Tsai, Y. (2000). The study of the relationship between gender role conflict and attitudes toward
help seeking. (Master thesis, Department of Guidance and Counseling, National
Changhua University of Education, Taiwan.

Vogel, D.L., Wester, S.R., Hammer, J.H., & Downing-Matibage, T. (2014). Referring men to
seek help: The influence of gender role conflict and stigma. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 15, 60-67.

White, A. M. (2002). Gender role conflict and racial identity as indicators of Black men’s help
seeking attitudes (Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2002).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 2567.

Wisch, A. F., Mahalik, J. R., Hayes, J. A., & Nutt, E. A. (1995). The impact of gender role
conflict and counseling technique on psychological help seeking men. Sex Roles, 33, 77-
89

Magovceviv, M. & Addis, M. E. (2005). Linking gender role conflict to nonnormative and selfstigmatizing perceptions of alcohol abuse and depression. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 6, 127-136.

Park, J., & Seo Y. (2010). Gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling in male
university students: The mediating roles of social stigma and attitudes toward counseling.
The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 21, 25-48.

Steinfeldt, J.A., Steinfeldt, M.C., England, B., & Speight, Q.L. (2009). Gender role conflict and
stigma toward help-seeking among college football players. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 10, 261-272.

Vogel, D.L., Wester, S.R., Hammer, J.H., & Downing-Matibage, T. (2014). Referring men to
seek help: The influence of gender role conflict and stigma. Psychology of Men and
Masculinity, 15, 60-67.

Wester. S.R., Arndt, D., Sedivy, S.K., Arndt, L. (2010). Male police officers and stigma
assocaited with counseling: The role of anticipated risks, anticipated benefits and gender
role conflict. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 11, 286-302.

Zumas, B. (2007). Why aren't people seeking help? An examination of factors contributing to
underutilization of psychological services by college students. Senior Honor Thesis.
Lehigh University, Bethehem, PA.

Bryce, D.M. (2012). Predicting men's relationship satisfaction with men through internalized
homonegativity and restricted emotionality (Doctoral dissertation, University of La
Verne). Dissertation Abstracts International, 3535704.

Liang, C. T.H., Salcedo, J., Miller, H.A. (2011). Perceived racism, masculinity ideologies, and
gender role conflict among Latino men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 12, 201-
215.

Robinson, M.A. & Brewster, M.E. (2014). Motivations for fatherhood: Examining internalized
heterosexism and gender role conflict with childless gay and bisexual men. Psychology of
Men and Masculinity. 15, 49-59.

Sanchez, F.J., Westefeld, J.S., Liu, W. M., Vilain, E. (2010). Masculine gender role conflict and
negative feelings about being gay. Professional Psychology, Research, and Practice, 41,
104-111.

Szymanski, D.M. & Ikizler, A.S. (2012). Internalized heterosexism as a mediator in the
relationship between gender role conflict, heterosexist discrimination, and depression
among sexual minority men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14, 211-219.

Zhang, C. (2014). Mediation of internalized homonegativity and moral emotions in Chinese gay
men. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Psychology, Southwest University,
Chongquin, China.

Bingham, T.A., Harawa, N.T., & Williams, J.K. (2012). Gender role conflict among African
American men who have sex with men and women: Association with mental health.
Journal of Public Health, 56, 34-56.

Choi, H., Kim, J., Hwang, M., & Heppner, M.J. (2010). Self-esteem as a mediator between
instrumentality, gender role conflict, and depression in male Korean high school students.
Sex Roles, 63, 361-372.

Cournoyer, R. J. (1994). A developmental study of gender role conflict in men and its changing
relationship to psychological well- being. (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 1994).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 6476.

Hernandez, A.M. (2006). The effects of gender role conflict and self-esteem. Senior thesis,
Psychology Department, University of LaVerne.

Hobza, C.L. & Rochlen, A.B. (2009). Gender role conflict, drive for muscularity, and the impact
of ideal media portrayals on men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 10, 120-130.

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Schwartz, J. P., & Waldo, M. (2003). Reducing gender role conflict among men attending
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Schwartz, J., Waldo, M., Bloom-Langell, J., & Merta, R. (1998, August). Gender role conflict:
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Sharpe, M. J., Heppner, P. P., & Dixon, W. A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality,
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Shek, Y. L. & McEwen, M.K. (2012). The relationship of racial identity and gender role conflict
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Cohn, A., & Zeichner (2006). Effects of masculine identity and gender role stress on aggression
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Covell, A. (1998). Characteristics of college males who are likely to sexually harass women: A
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Glomb, S. M. & Espelage, D. L. (2005). The influence of restrictive emotionality in men’s
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Harnishfeger, B. R. (1998). The relationship of gender role conflict to male college students'
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Kassing, L. R., Beesley, D., & Frey, L. I. (2005). Gender role conflict, homophobia, age, and
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Kearney, L., King, E. B., & Rochlen, A. B. (2004) Male gender role conflict, sexual harassment
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O'Neil, J. M., Owen, S. V., Holmes, S. E., Dolgopolov, N., & Slastenin, V. (1994, August).
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Rando, R. A., Rogers, J. R. & Brittan-Powell, C. (1998). Gender role conflict in college men's
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Schwartz, J., Tylka, T. L., & Hood, I. B. (2005, August). Gender role conflict and prejudice: The
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Schwartz, J. P., & Waldo, M. (2003). Reducing gender role conflict among men attending
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Senn, C. Y, Desmarais, S., Verberg, N., & Wood, E. (2000). Predicating coercive sexual
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Serna, G. S. (2004). The confounding role of personality in the relation to gender role conflict
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Fischer, A. R., & Good, G. E. (1998). Perceptions of parent-child relationships and masculine
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Good, G. E., Robertson, J. M., O'Neil, J. M., Fitzgerald, L. F., Stevens, M., DeBord, K., et al.
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Lindley & Schwartz, (2006,August. Implications of gender role conflict: Religious
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Sharpe, M. J., Heppner, P. P., & Dixon, W. A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality,
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Sileo, F. J. (1996). Gender role conflict: Intimacy and closeness in male- male friendships.
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Theodore, H., & Lloyd, B. F. (2000). Age and gender role conflict: A cross-sectional study of
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Breiding, M. J. (2004). Observed hostility and observed dominance as mediators of the
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Rochlen, A., & Mahalik, J. R. (2004). Women’s perceptions of male partner’s gender role
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Cachia, P. (2001). The interplay of gender role conflict and adult attachment. Unpublished
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Selby, B. W. (1999). The relation of attachment, adjustment, and narcissism to masculine gender
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Fahey, J. (2003). Male role issues among hospitalized alcohol abusers: Prediction of addiction
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Groeschel, B.L. Wester, S.R., & Sedivy, S.K. (2010). Gender role conflict, alcohol, and help
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Howells, V.A. (2010). Gender role conflict and drive for muscularity: Predictors of problematic
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Korcuska, J. S., & Thombs, D. L. (2003). Gender role conflict and sex-specific drinking norms:
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McMahon, T. J., Winkel, J. D., & Luthar, S. S. (2000, August). Gender role conflict, drug
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conducted at the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Monk, D., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Three dimensions of the male gender roles as
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Thomson, D. (2005). Masculine role conflict, shame-proneness and psychological adjustment:
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Englar-Carlson M., & Vandiver, B. (2002, August). Comparing the dimensionality of the GRCS,
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Robinson, D. T., & Schwartz, J. P. (2004). Relationship between gender role conflict and
attitudes toward women and African Americans. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5,
65-71.

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attitudes. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, 121-131.

Dr. Jim O'Neil

Depression

Anxiety and Stress

Help Seeking Attitudes

Stigma

Discrimination and Internalized Oppression

Low Self Esteem

Negative Attitudes, Abused and Violence Toward Women and Others

Intimacy, Self-Disclosure and Relationship with Fathers

Marital Satisfaction, Family Dynamics and Couple GRC

Attachment, Bonding and Family Individuation

Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Shame and Guilt

Hopelessness, Self Destructiveness and Suicide

Traditional Attitudes Towards Women

Stereotyping and Sex Role Egalitarianism

Biases Against Racial and Sexual Minorities